O IZVORIMA ANTIREALISTIČKOG POGLEDA NA RELATIVIZAM U SOCIOKULTURNOJ ANTROPOLOGIJI
Ključne reči:
kulturni relativizam, naučni realizam, esencijalizam, istorija antropologije, politika znanja, metodologija antropoloških istraživanjaApstrakt
Istorija teorijsko-metodoloških debata u sociokulturnoj antropologiji opterećena je brojnim problemima koji ne samo da otežavaju njeno razumevanje, predavanje i istraživanje, već sputavaju i praktičnu primenu discipline, posebno u javnoj sferi. Istorijsko-metodološko istraživanje pokazuje da među najvažnije probleme ovog tipa spada, u disciplinu s interdisciplinarne scene i pod jakim političkim pritiskom imputiran, a potom široko rasprostranjen, antirealistički pogled na relativizam. Relativizam, koji je u debatama o naučnom statusu discipline označen za glavnog pratioca postmodernog "podrivanja" istine, nauke, morala i drugih tzv. opštih vrednosti čovečanstva, nije relativizam koji sociokulturna antropologija gaji od vremena svog akademskog zasnivanja. Naprotiv, antropološki relativizam imao je za cilj da omogući komparativno razumevanje među kulturama, a za posledicu uspešno zasnivanje naučnog statusa discipline – kako u akademskom, tako i u javnom domenu. To je omogućeno upravo primenom relativizma kao garanta objektivnosti opisa i pouzdanosti razumevanja, a time i rešenja metodološkog problema nelegitimnosti komparativnog metoda. Ipak, originalni, disciplinarno-specifičan pogled na relativizam, kao temelj dobre antropološke nauke, vremenom se izgubio i zamenjen je antirealističkom koncepcijom relativizma, koja ne samo da je nepodobna javnom angažmanu, već sobom nosi i ozbiljan potencijal podrivanja akademskog autoriteta discipline.
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