FOOTWEAR: MANNERS, RITUALS, CULTURE AND FASHION IN EARLY ISLAM
Keywords:
Footwear, Islam, jurisprudence, personal appearance, adornment, gender, ritualsAbstract
Footwear is a cultural issue, thus has its own aesthetics, function and symbols. The legal Muslim discussion of footwear in pre-modern Muslim societies is an example of the importance of one’s outward appearance and its multi-meanings in past Muslim societies. According to medieval Muslim sources, footwear of different kinds of color, shapes and raw materials were in use for men and women as an integral part of their personal appearance as well as a manifestation of their socio-economic status. Footwear customs were aimed at improving daily practices and instructions regarding their use, as well as for the purpose of differentiating among different groups and even discriminating against some of them. In addition, footwear is related to two basic Islam rituals, namely prayer and ḥağğ, as shoes must been taken off before prayer and during ḥağğ, and male believers must wear only sandals to protect their feet on the one hand and be modest and close to earth, in more than one way, on the other.
References
’Abū Dā’ud, Sulimān b.’Ash‘ath al-Sijistāni. 1988. Sunan ’Abū Dā’ud. al-Riyād: Maktab al-Tarbiya al-‘Arabī.
Abū yūsuf, Ya῾qub b. Ibrāhīm. 1961. Kitāb al-kharāj. al-Qāhira: al-Maṭba‘a al-Ṣalafiyya.
Astren, Fred. 2010 Dimma. Encyclopedia of Jews in Islamic World II: 70–72.
Bashan, Edna. 2008. Jews and Shoes. Oxford: Berg.
Belk, Russell W. 2003. Shoes and Self. Advances in Consumer Research 30: 27–33.
Bosworth, C. E. 1986. Nar. EI2, 7: 957–960.
Berenbaum, Michael and Fred Skolnik. 2007. Halitza. Encyclopedia Judaica 12: 725–729.
Buckley, R. P. 1992. The Muhtasib. Arabica, 39: 59–117.
al-Bukhārī, Muhammad b. Isma῾il. 1985. Saḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Bayrūt: Dār al-῾Arabiyya.
Cahen, Cl. 1965. Dhimma. EI2 2: 227–231.
Cahen Cl. & M. Talbi. 1967. Hisba. EI2 3: 485–493.
Cohen, Mark R. 1999. What was the Pact of “`Umar? A Literary – Historical Study. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 23: 100–158.
Delaney, Carol. 1990. The Hajj: Sacred and Secular. American Ethnologist 3: 512–528.
Demello, Margo. 2009. Feet and footwear. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press.
Denny, Frederick Mathewson. 1985. An Introduction to Islam. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge.
Friedmann, Yohanan. 2007. Dhimma. EI3, 3: 87–92.
Ghaben, Ahmad. 2000. al-Ḥisba wa-`Alaqātiha bil-funūn al-Islamiyya. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 24: 396–445.
Gardet, L. 1960. Djanna. EI2 2: 109–111.
Gardet, L. 1960. Djahannam. EI2 2: 381–382.
Ginzburg, Carlo. 1991. Ecstasies: deciphering the witches’ Sabbath. Chicago: Chicago university press.
al-Harāsi,῾Ali ’Alkiya. 1983. ’Aḥkām al-Qur’an. Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-῾Ilmiyya.
Haythamī, Nūr al-Dīn ῾Alī b. Abi Bakr. 1968. Majma῾ al-zawa’id wa-Manba῾ alFawa’id. Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub.
’Ibn ’Anas, Mālik. 1992. al-Muwaṭṭaʼ. Bayrūt: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī.
’Ibn al-῾Arabī, Muḥammmad b. ῾Abd’alla’. 1957. ’Aḥkām al-Qur’an. al-Qāhira: ῾Isa alBābī al-Ḥalabī.
’Ibn Bassām al-Muḥtasib, ’Abū al-Ḥasan ῾Ali. 1968. Nihāyat al-Rutba fi Ṭalb al-Ḥisba. Baghdād: Matba῾atal-Ma῾arif.
’Ibn Sa῾d, Muḥammad. 1905–1918. Kitāb al-Ṭabakāt. Leiden: Brill.
’Ibn Taymiyya, ’Aḥmad b. ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm. 1965. al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā. al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha.
’Ibn Taymiyya, ’Aḥmad b. ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm. 1983. Fatāwā al-Nisā’. al-Qāhira: Maktabat al-Qur’an.
’Ibn al-’Ukhūwa, Muḥammad b. ’Aḥmad al-Farāshī. 1937. Ma῾ālim al-Qūrba. Cambridge: Matba῾at al-funūn.
’Ibrāhīm, Rajb ‘Abd al-jawād. 2002. al-Mu‘gam al-‘Arabi li-Asmāa al-Malābis. al-Qāhira: Dār al-’Afāq al-‘Arabiyya.
al-Jasās, ’Aḥmad b. ῾Ali’. 1928. Aḥkām al-Qur’an. Miṣr: ῾Abd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad.
Kister, Meir Ya῾qov. 1999. “Al tidmū...la tushabihū”. In Mekhqarīm be-Hithavūt haIslām, (ed.) Meir Ya῾qov Kister, 179–200. Jerusalem: Y. L. Magnes.
Lane, W. E. 1980. Lane Arabic English Lexicon. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
Lange, Chirstian. 2010. Hell (Jahanam, Nār, Sa῾tar, Saqar, Zaqūm). EI3 2: 143–148.
Maghen, Ze’ev. 1999. Close Encounters: Some Preliminary Observations on the Transmission of Impurity in Early Sunni Jurisprudence. Islamic Law and Society 6: 348–392.
Maghen, Ze’ev. 1999. “Much Ado About Wudu`”. Der Islam 76: 205–252.
Maghen, Ze’ev. 2005. Virtues of the Flesh-Passion and Purity in Early Islamic Jurisprudence. Leiden: Brill.
Maṭlūb, ’Aḥmad. 1995. Mu‘jam al-Malābis fi Lisān al-‘Arab. Bayrūt: Maktabat Lubnān.
Mayer, L. M. 1938. “῾Emdat ha-Yehūdīm bi-Ymey ha-Mamlūkīm”. In Sefer Magnes, (eds.) Y. N. Epstein and others, 161–167. Jerusalem: Y.L. Magnes.
Muslim, al-Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥajj. 1960. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Nacht, Jacob. 1915. The Symbolism of the Shoe with Special Reference to Jewish sources. Jewish Quarterly Review 6: 3–8.
Al-Nasā’ī, ’Aḥmad b. Shu῾ayb. 1988. Saḥīḥ Sunan Nasāʼī. al-Riyād: Maktab al-tarbiya al-῾Arabī.
al-Nawawī,’Abū Zakāriyā Muḥī al-Dīn. 1966. al-Majmū‘: Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. al-Qā- hira: Maṭba‘at al-‘Aṣima.
Reinhart, Kevin. 1990–1991. ImpurityNo Danger. History of Religions 30: 1–24.
Reinhart, Kevin. 2007. Tahara. EI2, 10: 99.
Riello, Giorgio and Peter Mcneil. 2006. “A Long Walk: Shoes, People and Places”. In Shoes: A History from the Sandals to Sneakers, Giorgio Riello, and Peter Mcneil (eds.), pp. 2–28. Oxford: Berg, 2006.
Rippin, Andrew. 1996. “The Commerce of Eschatology”. in Stefan Wild (ed.). The Qur’an as Text. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 125–136.
steele, Valerie. 1998. Shoes: A lexicon of style. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Incorporated.
steele, Valerie. 2006. “Shoes and the Erotic Imagination”. In Shoes: A History from the Sandals to Sneakers, Giorgio Riello, and Peter Mcneil (eds.), pp. 250–270. Oxford: Berg, 2006.
al-Shayzari, ῾Abd al-Raḥmān b. Naṣr. 1969. Nihayat al-Rutba fi Ṭalb al-Ḥisba. Bayrūt: Dār al-Thaqāfa.
Stillman, Norman A. 2005. Dhimma. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2: 205–207.
Stillman, Yedida K. 2000. Arab Dress: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. Leiden: Brill.
Taylor, John B. 1968. “Some Aspects of Islamic Eschatology”. Religious Studies 4: 57–76.
Thomas, David Richard, Barbara Roggema, Juan Pedro and Monferrer Sala. 2009. “Introduction”. In Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History (600–900), (eds.) Thomas, David Richard, Barbara Roggema, Juan Pedro and Monferrer Sala, 360–364. Leiden: Brill.
al-Wansharīsī, ’Aḥmad b. ’Iaḥyā. 1981–1983. al-Mi῾yār al-Mu῾rib wal-Jami῾ al-Mughrib ῾an Fatāwā Ifrīqya wal-Andalūs. Bayrūt: Dār al-Maghrib al-Islāmī.
ERIH PLUS - European Reference Index for the Humanities
CEEOL - Central and Eastern European Online Library
The DOI Foundation