RITUALIZOVANI (NE)RED: ULIČNI KARNEVALI, TRANSGRESIJA I EKSCESI U NIGERIJI
Ključne reči:
karnevali, globalizacija, poslesice po ponašanje, nasilje, akulturacijaApstrakt
Karnevali su godišnji običaji koii se javljaju u mnogim kulturama. Postoji niz studija koje se tiču namernih ekonomskih i zabavnih komponenti karnevala koje, međutim, zanemariju nenamerne socijalne, moralne i bihevioralne posledice koje karnevali imaju po društvo. Ova studija istražuje društvene poroke koji su u određenim krajevima povezani sa karnevalom. Glavni narativi pokazali su da golotinja, seks, kockanje, fanatizam, huliganizam i upotreba alkohola i droge predstavljaju najveće izazove sa kojima se suočavaju ulični karnevali u Lagosu. Takođe je primećeno da je koncentracija omladine oko centara za gledanje fudbala (FVCs) doprinela visokom stepenu nasilja tokom karnevala. Slično, uticaj globalizacije i akulturacije stranih ideja i ponašanja u ulične karnevale je opisan kao negativan po omladinu i adolescente. Podaci za studiju su prikupljeni kroz opservaciju i dubinske intervjue sa stanovnicima i organizatorima uličnih karnevala u Lagosu u Nigeriji.
Reference
Bach, S. A. 1996. "Tourism-related Crime and the Hotel Industry: A Review of the Literature and Related Materials". In Tourism, Crime, and International Security Issues, eds. Pizam, A. & Mansfeld Y., Y. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bakhtin, Mikhail.1973. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Michigan: Ann Arbor Press.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Batty, M., Desyllas J. and Duxbury E. 2003. Safety in Numbers? Modelling Crowds and Designing Control for the Notting Hill Carnival. Urban Studies 40 (8): 1573–1590.
Boyd-Barrett, O. & Thussu, D. K. 1993. "NWIO strategies and media imperialism: The case of regional news exchange". In Beyond national sovereignty: International communication in the 1990s, eds. K. Nordenstreng & H. Schiller, 177-192. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Brunt, P., Mawby, R. & Hambly, Z. 2000. Tourist victimisation and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management 21 (4): 417–424.
Carroll, L. L. 1985. Carnival Rites as Vehicles of Protest in Renaissance Venice. The Sixteenth Century Journal 16 (4): 487-502.
Eco, Umberto, Ivanov V. V. and Rector Monica. 1984. Carnival. The Hague: Manta.
Esu, B. B. and Arrey V.M. 2009. Tourists’ Satisfaction with Cultural Tourism Festival: A Case Study of Calabar Carnival Festival, Nigeria. International journal of business and management 4 (3): 116-115.
Fox, Kate. 2004. The Flirting Report. Available from: http://www.sirc.org/ publik/Flirt2.pdf
Lagos State Government. 2006. Lagos State population. Available from: http:// www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6
McPhail, T. L. 1987. Electronic colonialism: The future of international broadcasting and communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishers.
Mohammadi, A. 1995. "Cultural imperialism and cultural identity". In Questioning the media: A critical introduction, eds. J. Downing, A. Mohammadi & A. Sreberny-Mohammadi, 362-378. London: Sage Publishers.
Nurse, K. 2007. The economics of Bacchanal: The economic impact of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival (Sunday Guardian, 14th March)
Obadan, M. 2004. Planning and Budgeting in Nigeria. New Delhi: Spectrum Books.
Okhakhu, M. A. & Ate A. A. 2008. Revisiting cultural imperialism theory: Reading the contemporary Nigerian situation. International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Scholarship (Special Edition – Motion Picture in Nigeria) 3-5: 11-19.
Okoli, Ifeanyi. 2012. Hoodlums responsible for violent Lagos carnival. Available from: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/%E2%80%9Choodlumsresponsible-for-violent-lagos-carnival%E2%80%9D/
Okpala, D. C. I. 1984. Urban planning and the control of urban physical growth in Nigeria: A critique of public impact and private roles. Habitat Intl. 8 (2): 73-94.
Olonilua, A. 2012. Upsurge in drama, violence at football viewing centres. Available from: http://www.punchng.com/feature/upsurge-in-dramaviolence-at-football-viewing-centres/
Onwumechili, C. & Oloruntola S. 2013. Transnational communications, attitudes and fan identity: studying Nigeria post-media reform, Soccer & Society: 1-23.
Presdee, M. 2000. Cultural Criminology and the carnival of crime. London: Routledge.
Salawu, F. 2012. 10 Reigning vulgar singers. Available from: http://nige riafilms.com/news/17798/29/10-reigning-vulgar-singers-why-they-aremaking-wav.html
Simpson, A. 2007. The politics of culture and diaspora settlement in lagos: ethnographic presentation of the African Brazilian fanti/caretta carnival. Available from: http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/news0607/news0607-6.pdf. retrieved 12/1/2011
Smith, M. 2004. Seeing a new side to seaside’s culturally regenerating the English seaside town. International Journal of Tourism Research 6 (1): 17-28.
Thussu, D. K. 1998. Introduction to Electronic empires, ed. D. K. Thussu, 1-14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Udeze, S. E. 2005. After the whirlwind: A discourse on international communication. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers.
World Bank 2013. Nigeria Economic Report 1. Available from: http://www.worldbank.org/
Yarab, P. E., Allgeier E. & Sensibaugh C. 1999. Looking deeper: extradyadic behaviours, jealousy, and perceived unfaithfulness in hypothetical dating relationships. Personal Relationships 6: 305-316.
