EKOLOŠKA PRAVDA ZA MANJINSKE ZAJEDNICE - UPOREDNA PERSPEKTIVA
Ključne reči:
ekološka pravda, ekološki rasizam, pravo na zdravu životnu sredinu, manjinske zajedniceApstrakt
Pojam ekološke pravde, iako nastao pod okriljem sociologije, političke filozofije i srodnih nauka, postao je danas jedno od značajnih mesta ekološkog prava. Pojam je nastao u SAD sedamdesetih godina XX veka, u kontekstu nesrazmernog snošenja ekoloških rizikaod strane manjinskih zajednica, a tek kasnije je dobio značajniji procesni aspekt, u smislu razvoja prava javnosti da učestvuje u donošenju ekoloških odluka. Teoretičari ekološke pravde je definišu na različite načine, pa postoje njene brojne definicije. U ovom članku sagledani su značajni slučajevi ekološke nepravde koji su se javili u praksi, a koji su dokumentovani relevantnim studijama i istraživanjima, a zatim su elementi ekološke pravde razmatrani iz ugla odnosa javne politike prema ekološkoj pravdi i delovanja društvenih pokreta. Ekološka pravda se analizira iz uporedne perspektive, ali se posebno ukazuje da se na tlu Evrope, uključujući i zemlje razvijene demokratije, uočavaju obrasci koji otežavaju ostvarivanje ekološke pravde za manjinske zajednice. Shodno tome, zaključuje se da je potrebno otvoriti važna pitanja u vezi sa diskriminacijom kada je reč o ostvarivanju prava na zdravu životnu sredinu na tlu Evrope.
Reference
A Better Quality of Life: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in the UK, 1999, Department for the Environment Transport and the Regions.
Bard, D., et al., 2007, Exploring the Joint Effects of Atmospheric Pollution and Socioeconomic Status on Selected Health Outcomes: An Overview of the PAISARC Project, Environmental Research Letters, 2 (045003).
Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management Corp., 482 F. Supp. 673, United States District Court, S. D. Texas, Houston Division, 1979.
Bullard, R., 1990, Dumping in dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Bullard, R., 2005, The quest for environmental justice: human rights and the politics of pollution, San Francisco, Sierra Club Books.
Celermajer, D. Schlosberg, D. et al., 2021, Multispecies justice: theories, challenges, and
a research agenda for environmental politics, in: Environmental Politics, 30:1–2. Councile of Europe, 2022, Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Fifth Opinion on Norway.
Drenovak-Ivanović, M., 2014, Pristup pravdi u ekološkim upravnim stvarima, Beograd, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Duke, W. la, 2002, The Winona La Duke Reader A Collection of Essential Writings, Minnesota, Voyageur Press.
ERRC, 2017, ERRC Submission to the European Commission on the enlargement component of the EU Roma Framework, Budapest.
European Environment Agency (EEA), 2018, Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe.
Falk, R., The second cycle of ecological urgency: an environmental justice perspective, in: Ebbesson, J., Okowa P. (Eds.), 2009, Environmental law and justice in context, Cambridge University Press.
Fecht, D., et al., 2015, Associations between air pollution and socioeconomic characteristics,ethnicity and age profile of neighbourhoods in England and the Netherlands, Environmental Pollution, vol. 198, pp. 201–210.
Filčák, R., 2012, Environmental Justice and the Roma Settlements of Eastern Slovakia: Entitlements, Land and the Environmental Risks. Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review, 48(03), p. 537–562.
Foster, S., 2001, From the Ground up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, New York, New York University Press.
Heidegger, P., Wiese, W., 2020, Pushed to the wastelands: Environmental racism against
Roma communities in Central and Eastern Europe, Brussels, European Environmental Bureau.
HR-2021–1975-S, Supreme Court of Norway, judgment 11 October 2021.
Ikeme, J., 2003, Equity, environmental justice and sustainability: incomplete approachesin climate change politics, in Global Environmental Change, Vol. 13.
Kabisch, N., Haase, D., 2014, Green justice or just green? Provision of urban green spaces in Berlin, Germany. Landsc. Urban Plan, pp. 129–139.
Köckler, H. et al., Environmental Justice in Western Europe, in: Holifield, R., Chakraborty, J., Walker, G. (eds.), 2018, The Routledge handbook of environmental justice,
London.
Köckler, H., 2005, Coping Strategies of households Exposed to Unequal Environmental
Quality in Germany, Proceedings of the 4th Global Conference on Environmental
Justice and Global Citizenship; Oxford.
Krämer, K., Environmental justice in the European Court of Justice, in: Ebbesson, J.,
Okowa, P., (eds.), 2009, Environmental Law and Justice in Context, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press.
Kruize, H., Bouwman, A., 2004, Environmental (In)equity in the Netherlands: A Case Study on the Distribution of Environmental Quality in the Rijnmond Region, RIVM Report 550012003.
Kuehn, R, 2000, A Taxonomy of Environmental Justice, in Environmental Law Reporter Vol. 30, Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International.
Laurent, E., 2011, Issues in Environmental Justice Within the European Union, Ecological Economics, Vol. 70, Issue 11, pp. 1848–1849; Pedersen, O.W., 2009.
Lucas, K., et al., 2004, Environment and Social Justice: Rapid Research and Evidence Review, London, Sustainable Development Research Network.
Mohai, P., Pellow, D., Roberts, T., 2009, Environmental Justice, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34:1.
Pedersen, O.W., 2009, From the King to the Climate: Environmental Justice and Legal
Remedies, PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.
Perez, A.C. et al., 2015, Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism,
formalization and differentiation, Environmental Reseach Letters, 10 (105002).
Petrić, D., 2019, Environmental Justice in the European Union: A Critical Reassessment, Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy, Vol. 15 No. 1.
Presidential Executive Order 12898, Federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low income populations (11.02.1994).
Pulido, L., 1996, Environmentalism and Social Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest (Society, Environment, and Place). Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
Schlosberg, D., 2007, Defining environmental justice: theories, movements, and nature, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Schlosberg, D., 2013, Theorising environmental justice: the expanding sphere of a discourse, Environmental Politics, Vol. 22.
Schwab, E., 2015, Displacing and Disciplining Roma Waste Pickers in Belgrade. Who can become a rightful subject of the ‘clean’ and ‘sustainable’ city to come? Paper presented at RC21 International Conference: The Ideal City: between myth and reality. Representations, policies, contradictions and challenges for tomorrow’s urban life, Urbino, Italy, August 2015. Securing the Future – Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy, 2005, HM Government.
Shredder-Frechette, K., 2002, Environmental Justice, Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Slater, A.M., Pedersen, O.W., 2009, Environmental Justice; Lessons on Definition and Delivery from Scotland, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 52, No. 6.
Steger T., et al., Making the case for environmental justice in Central and Eastern Europe, CEU Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Budapest, 2007.
Suarez, M., et al., 2020, Environmental justice and outdoor recreation opportunities: A spatially explicit assessment in Oslo metropolitan area, Norway, Environmental Science and Policy, Vol 108.
Suiseeya, K. M., Procedural justice matters – Power, representation, and participation in environmental governance, in: Coolsaet, B., (ed.), 2021, Environmental Justice: Key Issues, Routledge.
Szasz, A., 1994, EcoPopulism: toxic waste and the movement for environmental justice, Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press.
The Environment Agency, 2002, The Urban Environment in England and Wales a Detailed Assessment, Bristol.
UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999 (16 December 1966).
United Church of Christ, 1987, Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National
Report on the Racial and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Wastes Sites, New York.
Ured za ljudska prava i prava nacionalnih manjina Vlade Republike Hrvatske, 2021, Nacionalni plan za uključivanje Roma za razdoblje od 2021. do 2027. godine, Zagreb.
US General Accounting Office, 1983, Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
Zaštitnik građana, 2017, Posebni izveštaj u vezi podizanja betonskog zida oko romskog naselja „Marko Orlović“ u Kruševcu, Beograd.
